Flashes in the Sky The Origins of Meteors

Have you ever watched a meteor shower? They happen very frequently when Earths orbit takes it through the debris left behind by a comet or asteroid orbits the Sun. For example, Comet Tempel-Tuttle is the parent of the November Leonid shower. Meteor showers are made up of meteoroids, tiny bits of material that vaporize in our atmosphere and leave behind a glowing trail. Most meteoroids do not fall to Earth, although a few do. A meteor is a glowing trail left behind as the debris streaks through the atmosphere. When they hit the ground, meteoroids become meteorites. Millions of these solar system bits slam into our atmosphere (or fall to Earth) each day, which tells us that our area of space isnt exactly pristine. Meteor showers are especially concentrated meteoroid falls. These so-called shooting stars are actually a remnant of our solar systems history. Where Do Meteors Come From? Earth orbits through a surprisingly messy set of trails each year. The bits of space rock that occupy those trails are shed by comets and asteroids and can remain for quite a long time before they encounter Earth. The composition of meteoroids varies depending on their parent body, but are commonly made of nickel and iron. A meteoroid doesnt typically just fall off of an asteroid; it has to be liberated by a collision. When asteroids slam into each other, little bits and pieces settle back onto the surfaces of the larger chunks, which then assume some kind of orbit around the Sun. That material then gets shed as the chunk moves through space, possibly through interaction with the solar wind, and forms a trail. Material from a comet is usually made up of bits of ice, specks of dust, or sand-sized grains, which are blown off the comet by the action of the solar wind. These tiny specks, too, form a rocky, dusty trail. The Stardust mission studied Comet Wild 2 and found crystalline silicate rock bits that had escaped the comet and eventually made it into Earths atmosphere. Everything in the solar system began in a primordial cloud of gas, dust, and ice. The bits of bits of rock, dust, and ice that stream from asteroids and comets and end up as meteoroids mostly date back to the very formation of the solar system. The ices clustered onto the grains and eventually accumulated to form the nuclei of comets. The rocky grains in asteroids clustered together to form larger and larger bodies. The biggest ones became the planets. The rest of the debris, some of which remains in orbit in the near-Earth environment, gathered into whats now known as the Asteroid Belt. The primordial cometary bodies eventually gathered in the outer regions of the solar system, in areas called the Kuiper Belt and the outermost region called the Ãâ€"ort Cloud. Periodically, these objects escape into orbits around the Sun. As they get closer, they shed material, forming meteoroid trails. What You See When a Meteoroid Flares When a meteoroid enters Earths atmosphere, it gets heated by friction with the gases that make up our blanket of air. These gases are generally moving pretty fast, so they appear to burn up high in the atmosphere, 75 to 100 kilometers up. Any surviving pieces could fall to the ground, but most of these little bits of solar system history are too small for that. Larger pieces make longer and brighter trails called bolides. Most of the time, meteors look like white flashes of light. Occasionally you can see colors flaring in them. Those colors indicate something about the chemistry of the region in the atmosphere it flies through and the material contained in the debris. Orange-ish light indicates atmospheric sodium being heated. Yellow is from  superheated iron particles likely from the meteoroid itself. A red flash comes from the heating of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere, while blue-green and violet come from magnesium and calcium in the debris. Can We Hear Meteors? Some observers report hearing noises as a meteoroid moves across the sky. Sometimes its a quiet hissing or swishing sound. Astronomers are still not completely sure why the hissing noises happen. Other times, theres a very obvious sonic boom, particularly with the larger bits of space debris. The folks who witnessed the Chelyabinsk meteor over Russia experienced a sonic boom and shock waves as the parent body burst apart over the ground. Meteors are fun to watch for in the nighttime skies, whether they simply flare overhead or end up with meteorites on the ground. As you watch them, remember that youre literally seeing bits of solar system history vaporize before your eyes!

Thoughts on THE GIFT Essay - 983 Words

The short story The Gift has many layers with in itself on different topics. nbsp;The topics of discrimination, feminism, friendship, tradition, and power all can be seen in this story. Many literary devices can be seen in the story also. nbsp;Such as: theme, metaphor, tone and symbol. This story unlike most as that I couldnt predict what was going to happen that made the girls leave the school. nbsp;Just as it says in the beginning paragraph quot;No one expected Merceditas C#225;ceres, on the day Carlotta Rodriguez was expelled from the Sacred Heart, to hang her silk sash from the doorknob, drop her medal of the Congregation of the Angels in the alms box, and walk out through the schools portico arm in arm with her friend, head†¦show more content†¦nbsp;She tells her about the way the hills look and the town works, and every little detail and this brings such pleasure to Merceditas. nbsp;Since Merceditas did not go out into the town she had no friends and Carlotta was perfe ct for her. nbsp;Unlike Carlotta, Merceditas has an important family name and easily gets into Scared Heart. nbsp; I felt that feminism was evident in The Gift rather strongly. nbsp;One paragraph about the head nun, Mother Artigas, showed how much of a feminist the author most likely was. nbsp;quot;She had had an extensive education and had acquired more than one doctoral degree at foreign universities. She believed that women had an undeniable right to knowledge, having been unjustly barred from it by men for centuries, and the only obstacle that for a while had made her hesitate on her decision to enter the convent had been the clergys traditional feminization of ignorance. She herself had at one time wanted to become a writer and had played with the idea of challenging the social and literary conventions of her world that condemned women to silence or, what was worse, to euphemistic, romantic verses, chock full of ruby bleeding hearts, cooing love affairs, and lace-flounced babies, but that hadnt the slightest notion of history, politics, or science. She had by now renounced her fantasy of a l iterary life, but had stuck to her guns in certain aspects ofShow MoreRelatedLeadership Principles And Methods Of Leadership1437 Words   |  6 PagesI came into this class not knowing what to expect. I thought we would just learn about leadership principles and methods of leadership. 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They are not gifts, but merely lendings. Pleasure, Love, FameRead MoreAn Exploration Of Clarissa s Gift Through Different Points Of View1181 Words   |  5 PagesCamilla Anderson Prof. Laura O’Connor English 102D: Modernist Women Writers November 25 2015 An Exploration of Clarissa’s gift through different points of view in Virginia Woolf’s â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† Multiple points of view are represented and shifted through various characters in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway through indirect discourse, which helps to describe the innermost thoughts of Woolf’s central characters using singular pronouns in the third-person. It is these multiple points of view that establishRead MoreLife Goes Unnoticed Is Love From Parents880 Words   |  4 Pagesany reciprocation. When I was born, they were very delighted, and they thought I was the best gift from God. They thought I was the continuation of their life. My birth gave them hope. However, I regard their love as a nature and they ought to love me. When I was young, I complained why my father didn’t come back home every day and why he didn’t play with me on weekends even though he had a very crucial meeting. I thought my mother was nagging. She always told me I should do this and shouldn’tRead MoreAnalysis of Vandana Shivas Essay The Gift of Food1084 Words   |  4 PagesVandana Shivas essay The Gift of Food is an attempt to recontextualize agriculture, and by extension the problem of world hunger, within a new economic paradigm. That paradigm is, to a certain degree, announced in the title of her essay an economy that is based on the concept of gift exchange is, of course, very different from one that treats food as a commodity. Of course, the dominant paradigm in the west is precisely to regard food as a commodity, which is how we arrive at the situation described

Computerized Extension Of Existing Demand -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Computerized Extension Of Existing Demand? Answer: Introducation According to the provided situation it is seen that Berowra Accountants are ensuring a guaranteed tax refund to their respective clients through using various advertising techniques. In this regard, it can be said that knowing the basic ideas regarding tax refund is important. To explain matters of tax refund, it can be said that tax refund is the difference between the paid tax and the tax that is owed (Galit and Metaban 2012). To identify whether a business corporation is eligible to receive tax refund, it would totally be dependent on the factors like income, profit and the expenses related to the tax of the business organization. It would be impossible for the management of the organization to make sure a refund of tax. Not only is that, the chief responsibility of the auditors to examine the financial accounting of the business and locate the material misstatement and to check for the compliances. Therefore it can be said that for the cases of tax refund, it would surely be a no n-audit service. Because of this according to APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, Section 130, the act of the accountants of Berowra has breached the principle of Professional Competence and Due Care (Han Fan, Woodbine and Cheng 2013). As per this act, the auditors can retain their clients by knowing the limitations of their professions and in this particular case study the accountants of Berowra failed to do so. According to the provided case study, Jamie Harvey, the auditor of a charter accounting organization is been asked to take up the responsibility of the treasurer in a nearby club and Harvey only performs audit of bigger public organizations. In this regard, it must be mentioned that in most cases the athletic clubs are considered as non-profit organizations. According to the APES 110 Professional Appointment, Section 210, when the auditors accept the appointments of a new client, the auditors should examine whether the appointment will influence the compliance of the fundamental principles of auditing. In this particular case study, when the proposal of getting the post of a treasurer gets accepted by the auditor, there was no breach of principles because of some valid reasons (Ottaway 2014). These reasons are that as Harvey holds the post of an auditor in public concern and there are no similarity between the operation styles of the athletic club and the business organization where Harvey is employed. Another major reason is that no fundamental ethical principle will get influenced because in case of the appointment in the organizations that is non-profitable (Kuan 2014). According to the provided case study, a situation is mentioned where the sum payable to the auditor is dependent on the opinion of the outcome of the audit which is appropriate to the audit client Monlec Ltd. It thus discloses that the management of Monlec Ltd is requesting for a audit report that would be favorable for their organization. In this context, it would be necessary to mention that the auditors represent the stakeholders and the investors; and not the business organizations. According to APES 110 Principle of Objectivity, Section 120, the auditors must not show their business and professional judgment for any types of influence, biasness and any types of conflict of interest (Athanasiou 2014). It shows that the judgment made by the auditors should not be influenced by any sort of biasness. According to the case study, the report of the audit provided by the auditor is somewhat favorable for the Monlec Ltd and there is a act of committing a breach of principles of auditing . There should not be any types of infringement of the ethical principles regarding auditing when the auditors provide an opinion that is not biased (Trung 2015). According to the case study, it is seen that Winton Accountants has showen all the reports and papers of Motoring Services to the Chadwick Chartered Accountants. Chadwick Chartered Accountants have the task of reviewing the quality of the audit performed by Winton Accountants. This shows that Chadwick Chartered Accountants have to perform various tests and processes to check the quality of auditing by the Winston Accountants. According to APES 110 Principles of Confidentiality, Section 140, the auditors have the obligations to maintain the confidentiality if the attained information related to the auditing clients. It explains that the auditors should not reveal the gathered information of the audit clients to any third party. According to the case study, the Winton accountants have revealed all the information and vital data related to the Motoring services to Chadwick Chartered Accountants by giving them all the documents of audits (Carey, Monroe and Shailer 2014). Hence, it can be said that Winton Accountants have broken the principles of the trade regarding the auditing with their stipulated actions. According to the provided situation, it is seen that Thornleigh Accountants have replaced Leona Ng with Jane Davis to finish the audit work of Jenkins Ltd due to illness of Leona. The provided situation is that the Thornleigh Accountants management wants to take in Jane Davis in the Audit team to perform the audit works of Jenkins Ltd from the mid weeks of July. This situation increases the fear of interdependence of audit for Thornleigh Accountants. According to APES 110, Self-review Threat, Section 100.12, no member of an audit team can have the right to use the results of an audit work performed by any other member of the same team of audit. Not only that, the act also describes that results of a previous work of audit done by a member of the audit team; cannot be used by any other member of the same audit team. The same rule is applicable to the Thornleigh Accountants as the business organization is planning to utilize the judgment of the performed audit by Jane Davis who has the knowledge of the accounts of the organization (DeFond and Zhang 2014). As per the provided case study it is seen that John Darrow is responsible for performing the audit works of Winmale Ltd. Winmale Ltd has given all the necessary documents and computer files related to the companys net valuation at that time. In this process the person who performs the audit work has to have all the necessary documents regarding the companys assets to accurately perform the task. In this situation, the auditor should not use the documents provided by the client and in this case the client company has provided all the documents. In this situation the auditor might feel pressurized by this act of the management of the Winmale Ltd as they might have provided the documents to get a judgment in their favor. Thus, in this context it can be said that according to APES 110, Section 200.8, this condition might generate Intimidation Threat of the auditors independence (Ojo 2013). According to the provided case study, it is seen that the Chocolate company has requested the auditors to visit the second chocolate show and also requested them to visit the social club of the firm. It requiredto be stated that the auditors must not comprise any sort of entertaining activities with the audit clients. As per APES 110, Self-interest Threat, Section 100.12, there might be a threat to independence of the auditor in case any kind of financial or non-financial concern of the auditors influence the audit opinion (Deumes et al. 2012). According to the case, it can be perceived that the chocolate company might be intending to influence the auditors by tempting them to the entertaining activities with a motive to get favorable audit opinion. Thus, in case, if the auditors accept the invitation of the business organization to attend the social club, they would produce the self-interest threat to the auditors independence. The key concern of the auditors is to scrutinize the financial statements of the business organizations in order to confirm that all the financial statements of the firms are free from any type of material misstatements and they have been arranged by obeying all obligatory regulations. Apart from that, the auditors do not have the accountability to comment on the client organizations financial position if there is no kind of fraudulent activities. In case of Connor Company, it is seen that the organization is severely reliant on the bank overdraft in order to pay off their loans, as they does not have any other option left in this regard. Not only that, the bank requests reimbursement within one months time. It displays that the weak economic condition of Connor Company. Nonetheless, this facet has not formed any consequence on the materiality. The auditor has not come across any type of material misstatement in any financial statements of Connor Company. It suggests that the Connor Company has not influenced their financial statements in order to hide their weak debt-paying circumstance. Therefore, the auditor shall issue Unqualified Audit Opinion for Connor Company (Tsipouridou and Spathis 2014). It should be the responsibility of the firms to arrange and present their financial statements regarding the standards of generally accepted accounting principles. Apart from that the, companies needs to fulfill the accounting protocols of the nation in which they are working. In the situation provided, it is seen that the concern should follow FIFO technique for counting the valuation of inventory, but they are actually following LIFO method like their parent company in America uses it. Due to this reason, the discrepancys effect between the implementation of FIFO and LIFO has affected the assessment of the valuation of the inventory that backs up the material misstatement. Therefore, in this particular area of concern, the auditor has the right to issue adverse opinion, because there are mutually compliance issues and material misstatements present. Nevertheless, except the inventory, there is no sign of any other material misstatement in any of the statements of the business organ ization and there are no compliance issues. Due to reason, the auditor can issue Qualified Audit Opinion. Qualified audit opinion is quite similar to Unqualified Audit Opinion; On the other hand, in Qualified Audit Opinion, the auditor has to increase another paragraph highlights the motive for which the statement is not unqualified (Rahimian, Tavakolnia and Karamlou 2014). It is needed for the business organizations to measure the valuation of their net assets counting on things like land, plant, machineries, buildings and others regularly because of the changes in market price. In the case of Victorian Manufacturing Company, it is perceived that they did not measure the valuation of their factory located in Melbourne for last five years as the directors consider that there are no significant changes in the market value of that factory. Hence, the directors are taking a huge risk that might not possibly be right and can produce a major material misstatement. At the time of piloting the operations of audit, the auditors will require the current value of land and buildings and in the absence of this, the auditors would not be able to deliver accurate audit opinion as it confines their process of scrutiny. Due to this, the auditor will have to issue Disclaimer of Opinion, as they will fail to perform an accurate audit report (Kachelmeier, Schmidt and Vale ntine 2016). References Athanasiou, A., 2014. Avoiding client persuasion.Taxation in Australia,48(10), p.601. Athanasiou, A., 2014. Boy, you're gonna carry that weight a long time!.Taxation in Australia,49(2), p.106. Carey, P.J., Monroe, G.S. and Shailer, G., 2014. Review of Post?CLERP 9 Australian Auditor Independence Research.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), pp.370-380. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Deumes, R., Schelleman, C., Vander Bauwhede, H. and Vanstraelen, A., 2012. Audit firm governance: Do transparency reports reveal audit quality?.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(4), pp.193-214. Galit, S.H. and Sorbe, T., Metabank, 2012.Computerized extension of credit to existing demand deposit accounts, prepaid cards and lines of credit based on expected tax refund proceeds, associated systems and computer program products. U.S. Patent 8,090,649. Han Fan, Y., Woodbine, G. and Cheng, W., 2013. A study of Australian and Chinese accountants attitudes towards independence issues and the impact on ethical judgements.Asian Review of Accounting,21(3), pp.205-222. Kachelmeier, S.J., Schmidt, J.J. and Valentine, K., 2016. The disclaimer effect of disclosing critical audit matters in the auditors report. Kuan, K.T.C., 2014.Auditor independence: an analysis of the adequacy of selected provisions in CLERP 9(Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology). Ojo, M., 2013. Audits, audit quality and signalling mechanisms: concentrated ownership structures. Ottaway, J., 2014. IMPROVING AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE IN AUSTRALIA: IS MANDATORY AUDIT FIRM ROTATIONTHE BEST OPTION?. RAHIMIAN, N., TAVAKOLNIA, E. and KARAMLOU, M., 2014. Qualified Audit Opinion and Debt Maturity Structure. Trung, N.K., 2015. Ethics Education In The University.International Journal of Scientific Technology Research,4(8), pp.5-10. Tsipouridou, M. and Spathis, C., 2014, March. Audit opinion and earnings management: Evidence from Greece. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 38-54). Elsevier

The Chosen Essays (3379 words) - The Chosen, The Promise

The Chosen Reading Journal Chapter One 1. "Remember why and for whom we play." (p. 16) This passage shows the rabbi of Reuven's rival team telling his players to focus and concentrate on the importance of the baseball game they are about to play. They are playing for the glory of their God and not to just have fun. To these young teenage boys their religion has importance in all aspects of their life even their after school recreational activities. 2. The first pitch was low, and Danny Saunders ignored it. The second one started to come in shoulder-high, and before it was two thirds of the way to the plate, I was standing on second base. (p. 30) This seemingly irrelevant scene in the book is actually very important because it shows how Reuven controls his own destiny. Anticipating what is going to happen based on previous experience is crucial, not just in baseball but also in life. Reuven was the only one on his team that reacted like this and it shows his leadership abilities in key situations. Chapter Two 3. "Enjoy your meal," she said smiling. "Thank you very much," I said. I had been concerned about eating. (p. 44) As soon as Reuven regained consciousness in the hospital his main concern was remaining kosher according to his religion. His natural instinct of hunger was put after the desire to obey his Jewish beliefs. This shows what a key factor Reuven's religion is to him in all aspects of life. 4. "It's not all right," I said "I want you to tell me." "There is nothing to tell you. They told me it was all right." "Abba, please tell me what's the matter." (p. 48) This passage explains the close connection between Reuven and his father. The boy can tell when his father is not being completely honest with him and Reuven longs to know what is going to happen to his eye. In his time of pain and concern Reuven knows that he can confide in his "Abba" for help and comforting. Chapter Three 5. Also, yesterday I had hated him; now we were calling each other by our first names. (p. 68) Reuven explains in this passage the change in emotions he felt towards Danny. The previous day Reuven deeply hated Danny but now they began to spend time together and grow as friends. It is also ironic that these two boys would probably never get to know each other if it was not for Reuven's injury. 6. "What would have happened if you had lost?" "I don't like to think about that. You don't know my father." "So you practically had to beat us." (p. 71) Here Danny tells Reuven that to the Hasidic softball team it was more than a game; it was an expression of Hasidic dominance. Danny's father, the Hasidic rabbi in the area formed the team for the sole purpose of glorifying his religion and failure was not an option for Danny and his team. Chapter Four 7. "I read a lot," he said. "I read about seven or eight books a week outside of my school work." (p. 79) Danny is telling Reuven about himself and his studying habits. Danny is an extremely intelligent person who reads on his own for the sole purpose of possessing that extra knowledge. This impresses Reuven who is also on a quest for knowledge and he only reads three or four books a week. 8. I suddenly realized it was my father who all along had been suggesting books for Danny to read. My father was the man Danny had been meeting in the library. Reuven is surprised to find out that his "enemy" was actually a friend of his father for almost two months before the two boys met on the baseball field. In this complicated friendship the two boys are just getting to know each other while the father has been guiding each of them individually for quite some time. Only through a baseball injury are these people all brought together. Chapter Five 9. I had lived init all my life, but I never really saw it until I went through it that Friday afternoon. (p.94) Reuven now values the things he once took for granted; even an insignificant plant outside his house is exciting to him. It is not until something is taken away from Reuven that he notices the importance of it. 10. I felt I had crossed into another world, that pieces of my old self had been left behind on the black asphalt

Hardness Testing free essay sample

Engineering Materials 1 Title: Objective: Hardness and Impact Tests of Steels To understand the mechanical properties of a metal (steel) particularly the relationship between hardness and impact Equipments: Rockwell Hardness tester and Chirpy Impact tester Samples: 1 . Gauge plate about 0. 9%C As supplied (annealed): AS Water quenched: WAG Oil quenched: CO Water quenched + tempered: WAG + T Oil quenched + tempered: CO + T 2. Key steel about 0. 4%C As supplied (annealed): AS Water quenched: WAG Procedures: Samples have been heat treated using the following conditions: Systematizing at about COCO for 30 minutes, followed by water quench or oil quench. Some samples are then tempered at COCO for 1. Ah and allowed to cool in still air. The samples are ground/polished to remove the scales/oxide prior to hardness and impact tests. Results and Observation: Compare the hardness results with the impact values. Report (maximum 4 pages): Background Theory Procedures Results Discussion (see next page) Conclusion Make relevant comments about the experiment and the data ensuring that you answer the following in your comments: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Hardness Testing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relationship between heat treatment and toughness and hardness I. E. Briefly explain why the different heat treatments give different toughness and hardness values. What do you think is the difference between hardness and toughness? Explain the general relationship between hardness and toughness. 2. Relate the observed fracture surfaces of the samples to the Chirpy Impact results and in terms of brittle or ductile fractures. Report due: Friday, 6 Seep 2013 by 4 pm (drop box WAS Bldg Level 3)

Italian Surname Meanings and Origins

Italian Surname Meanings and Origins Surnames in Italy trace their origin back to the 1400s, when it became necessary to add a second name to distinguish between individuals with the same given name. Italian surnames are often easy to recognize because most end in a vowel, and many of them have been derived from descriptive nicknames. If you think your family name may have come from Italy, then tracing its history may yield important clues to your Italian heritage and ancestral village. Origins of Italian Last Names Italian surnames developed from four major sources: Patronymic Surnames - These last names are based on a parent’s name (e.g. Pietro Di Alberto - Peter son of Albert)Occupational Surnames - These surnames are based on the person’s job or trade (e.g. Giovanni Contadino - John the farmer)Descriptive Surnames - Based on a unique quality of the individual, these surnames often developed from nicknames or pet names (e.g. Francesco Basso - Francis the short)Geographical Surnames - These surnames are based on a person’s residence, usually a former residence (e.g. Maria Romano - Mary from Rome) While Italian last names come from a variety of sources, sometimes the spelling of a particular surname can help focus the search on a specific region of Italy. The common Italian surnames Risso and Russo, for example, both have the same meaning, but one is more prevalent in northern Italy, while the other generally traces its roots to the southern part of the country. Italian surnames ending in -o often come from southern Italy, whereas in northern Italy they can often be found ending with a -i. Tracking down the sources and variations of your Italian surname can be an important part of Italian genealogical research, and unveils an interesting look into your family history and Italian heritage. Italian Surname Suffixes and Prefixes Many Italian surnames are basically variations on a root name, made different by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes. Especially common are endings with vowels enclosing double consonants (e.g. -etti, -illo). The Italian preference for diminutives and pet names is the root behind many of the suffixes, as seen by the large number of Italian last names ending in -ini, -ino, -etti, -etto, -ello, and -illo, all of which mean little. Other commonly added suffixes include -one meaning big, -accio, meaning either big or bad, and -ucci meaning descendant of. Common prefixes of Italian surnames also have specific origins. The prefix di (meaning of or from) is often attached to an given name to form a patronym. di Benedetto, for example, is the Italian equivalent of Benson (meaning son of Ben) and di Giovanni is the Italian equivalent of Johnson (son of John). The prefix di, along with the similar prefix da may also be associated with a place of origin (e.g. the da Vinci surname referred to someone who originated from Vinci). The prefixes la and lo (meaning the) often derived from nicknames (e.g. Giovanni la Fabro was John the smith), but also might be found attached to family names where it meant of the family of (e.g. the Greco family might become known as lo Greco.) Alias Surnames In some areas of Italy, a second surname may have been adopted in order to distinguish between different branches of the same family, especially when the families remained in the same town for generations. These alias surnames can often be found preceded by the word detto, vulgo, or dit. Common Italian Surnames - Meanings and Origins RossiRussoFerrariEspositoBianchiRomanoColomboRicciMarinoGrecoBrunoGalloContiDe LucaCostaGiordanoManciniRizzoLombardiMoretti

Analyze the cultural context of Fahrenheit 451 Essay

Analyze the cultural context of Fahrenheit 451 - Essay Example ose days, but also illustrates as to how pushing people into conformity in a way is antithetical to the very survival and sustenance of the human civilization. In that sense the character of Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451 is any guy who moved by the sterile media technologies that deprive the human existence of the pivotal need to think and feel, chooses to come against the innate insipidity of such influences. Thereby it won’t be wrong to say that that the themes intermittently reinforced by Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 that are censorship, conformity, cultural vacuity and shallowness of popular media are as relevant today as they happened to be in the 50s. The liberal education and free thinking and creativity even today tend to be as challenged entities as they happened to be in his days. Though many readers are not able to sense at the first reading that consumerism with its innate moral vacuity and intellectual insipidity is a salient theme that Bradbury comes on heavily in Fahrenheit 451, yet counter-consumerism is the basic theme woven into the plot of this novel (Sterritt 36). Fahrenheit 451 was published in 1953 when not only the cold war was at its zenith with the looming shadow of the nuclear war that immensely bothered the liberal thinkers of those days, but also the American masses were turning to the shallow entertainment being dished out by the novel media like television and radio. So in a way if the fine art and leisure of book reading was not being annihilated by the direct state intervention as it happens in the novel, a generation incapable of pursuing any pleasure that demanded attention, silence and the capacity to think was driving books out of the popular cultural sphere. Bradbury’s’ hero Montag is a fireman who does not douses out fires, but actually starts them. In the novel books are presented as a great anathema to the cause of social stability and are thereby incinerated to prevent socio-political dissent and differences. The

Turning Away From Drug Abuse and Allowing God to Reign Over the Life Case Study - 1

Turning Away From Drug Abuse and Allowing God to Reign Over the Life - Case Study Example According to the organization’s strategy, the members are given a platform where they can hold meetings in accordance with the principles in the organization’s literature. The organization maintains no hierarchical authority structure. Meetings are held on the basis of the group’s specifications but adhering to the organization’s principles. When I joined my group, I was warmly welcomed by the other members who were more than willing to help me recover from my disease. The twelve step program aims at enabling a person to accept himself/herself as a powerless person over drug use and that his/her life had become unmanageable. The second step is concerned with helping the drug addict believe that a greater power can restore sanity back to the addict. The third step involves helping the addict turn away from drug abuse and allowing God to reign over the addict’s life. Through sharing our life experiences and how drug abuse had rendered our lives unmana geable, I realized how I had lost very many opportunities out of drug use. A self-realization process started taking control and I started keeping off from drug use at a slow pace. By the end of the program, I had fully recovered from drug abuse and can now comfortably manage my life (Milhorn, 2003). Through prayer and meditation, my conscious contact with God greatly improved and I continued taking the personal inventory of myself. When I made a mistake, I admitted the mistake and worked towards the betterment of my life. Attending the Narcotics Anonymous has truly helped me recover from the use of drug substances.

A PROBLEM IN LAND-USE PLANNING ABOUT THE STRIP MINING AND Term Paper

A PROBLEM IN LAND-USE PLANNING ABOUT THE STRIP MINING AND POWER-RELATED USE OF LIGNITE - Term Paper Example With the potential of generating acidic waters, because of exposure to oxidizing atmospheric conditions, it is therefore understandable on the part of environmentalists being cautious. In addition, is the ever-present nature of human health impacts and effects; especially based on their sources of drinking water. It is generally pre-supposed that aquifers and other water systems are inter-connected. Hence, in the case of such mining activities, there is a potential of such delicate systems being polluted. Drinking water (for human consumption as well as animal feeding) would be impacted upon. In addition would be the greater negative effect on the pre-present bio-diversity; affecting negatively on the existing flora and fauna. Air pollution would also be present, especially from the dust spewed and waste materials exposed in such mining processes. Fundamentally so is the fact that while reclamation is possible, it is the long-duration of time that is of concern; further worsened by t he fact that such land is never as fertile and productive as before the mining process itself. Great reasoning is essential before making such a decision that is likely to influence a greater population, as well as surrounding environmental eco-systems. Lignite, as a mineral resource, is also referred to as brown coal, a soft brown sedimentary rock which being combustible, is naturally formed from peat, which has undergone gradual compression. While considered the lowest in rank amongst the fossil fuel types because of its somewhat low heat content, it continues to enjoy considerable attention given the various regional areas in which it is mined. Mined in Europe and North America, as well as Australia and India, as Ghassemi (2001) portrays, lignite is exclusively utilized as a fossil fuel especially in various steam-electric power

Do Correctional Officers Abuse Their Authority?

Do Correctional Officers Abuse Their Authority? Correction officers hold considerable power and authority within the corrections system. They are in charge of maintaining discipline and order within the facility at which they work. Many people view correction officers as the cause of violence within the prisons and jail. Others view correction officers as those who are professional, ethical, and hold good moral standards. I purpose a questionnaire consisting of yes, no, and no reply answer choices will help in determining the cause of violence, part of the dark figure of crime, and what percentage of correction officers actually follow by the rules and regulations. Correctional Officers: Do They Abuse Their Authority or Provide Equal Treatment Are correctional officers abusing their powers and authority by mistreating inmates or could they be justice providers and treat the inmates ethically and fair? Many people are lead to believe that inmates are being treated inhumanely by force or coercion into negative living environment and are being treated unethically by the officers who judge them according to the crime they have committed, or by their associations within the facility. Others view correctional officers as the cause of an offender to relapse or to become repeat offenders. The objective of this research is to determine if the treatment correction officers give inmates affect the crime rate in the facility, to determine if inmates are mistreated, to determine if officers allow one another to mistreat inmates, abuse their authority, and to show that this study can contribute to the general understanding of crime or policy responses to crime. The purpose of this research is to determine if correctional officers violate inmates in any way. The purpose is also to determine why violence is still occurring in prisons after the prisoners have been convicted of a crime and given their sentences. This research study will also show how the correction officer job is turning into a multitasked profession. Not only is this research going to be used to show how correctional officers are treating the inmates, but it will also show whether or not more violence is occurring by the inmates towards other inmates or whether or not correctional officers have something to do with the violence occurring within the facility. Literature Review There have been previous studies on correctional officers concerning the abuse of authority. There have been experiments conducted such as the Stanford prison experiment which discovered that correctional officers do feel as if they have more power and can treat the inmates however they feel like. One point of view that one could perceive from the Stanford prison experiment is that ordinary people change once they are put into a situation where they think that they can dominate (Zimbardo, 1999-2009). The impact of social forces has an effect on the behavior and the way a person reacts to the situation (Clements, 1999). The results of that experiment strongly indicated that in certain situations, behavior applies itself which causes the person to act accordingly to the situation. In another study, by Wolff, Shi and Siegel (2009), research concluded that people within the prison system have above-average rates of victimization during both childhood and adulthood. The correctional settings are known for the violence between inmates and staff. The research found evidence showing the rates of victimization being higher in a prison setting then that in a community setting. In a study that examined the characteristics of an officer and the investigations of the use of force, there were conclusions made that there is excessive use of force going on in the correctional facilities. McElvain and Kposowa (2004) acknowledged that departmental experience was the strongest predictor of investigations for alleged use of force. While race had no effect, gender did. Males were more likely to be investigated for the use of force than females. Also, younger officers were more likely to be investigated than older officers. There has always been a history of prison violence and correctional officers abusing the authority. According to Gross (2008), history is replete with incidents of seemingly decent people committing horrendous acts of violence in what they believe to be the pursuit or defense of justice and right. Gross (2008) discussed experiments such as the Stanford Prison Experiment and the BBC Prison Study. Apart of his discussion concluded that both prison studies demonstrated that under some circumstances, some individuals resist going-with-the-flow of group-associated brutality. Gross (2008) also went on to say that if a person with authority over a group of individuals varies in their zero-tolerance stance towards brutality, then brutality may emerge anywhere. There have been numerous studies on correctional officers and brutality including experiments and questionnaires. Butterfield (2004) talks about physical and sexual abuse of prisoners, similar to what has been uncovered in Iraq, takes place in American prisons with little public knowledge or concern, according to corrections officials, inmates and human rights advocates. Discussion The Profession Under the job description for a correction officer, one might find that their duties include being able to guard the prisons in accordance with the set forth policies, procedures, codes, and regulations. The officers responsibilities include watching and protecting the inmates from harm, escape, and contraband, as well as fights that break out amongst the inmates. Officers are allowed to search any inmate that they feel is a threat, as well as directing the inmates to where or what they need to go and do in order to maintain discipline. Correction officers career can get challenging due to the verbal and psychological abuse that they experience. Within the line of their duties, there are several situations that officers can be put in that can have an influence on the officers judgments and actions. Correctional officers have no law enforcement rights outside of the prison. Not being able to enforce the law outside of the prison could lead to correctional officers to want to be more harsh within the area that they are allowed to enforce the law and have authority(McElvain Kposowa, 2004). History The history of corrections, guards, and officer dates back to the 12th Century under King Henry II when he began a structured court system for handling all criminal charges. During the Ancient and Medieval Era, correctional objectives were more about retribution and retaliation rather then incarceration and proportionate sentences. By the mid 1700s, practices were becoming violent and bloody being completely out of proportion with the seriousness of the offense. John Howard, a well known prison reformer began the era of establishing efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention. (Henry II of England, 2008) According to Villanueva (2007), many of the early 1600s correctional methods were based upon the English law and practices. The roots of this system began during the colonial times in the original thirteen colonies. The jails were used for the people who were awaiting trial or who could not pay their fees and fines. Corporal punishment was designed to be viewed by the public as a form of deterrence. During the late 1700s to the early-mid 1800s, the penitentiary was designed and developed. The Pennsylvania System and the New York Auburn System were two of the most influential penitentiaries to the corrections system. These two systems were designed during a time of land and population growth. Near the beginning of the 1900s, probation and parole became a broad aspect of corrections. Juvenile courts were established and the court system took an individual case approach. Throughout the rest of the 1900s until todays present time, corrections took on the perspectives of providing medical services, community service, and crime prevention and control (Villanueva, 2007). Corruption in Corrections Corruption in the corrections system can and has lead to the dark figure of crime. There are instances where correction officers allow things to go on that they know is against policy, rules, and regulations. Correction officers know that no matter what goes on within the prisons when dealing with the inmates, they have the upper hand. The officers can force the inmates or other faculty members into doing something or letting something go by without saying anything, even though it is illegal from different perspectives. Younger officers should feel the need to follow the rules more closely than the officers that are older with more experience. The young officers characteristics should be more ethical than those of older officers who knows how the operation of the system, however all correctional officers should hold high ethical and moral standards. The work environment for correction officers is a very challenging and hazardous place. Correction Officers have one of the highest rates of non-fatal on-the-job injuries. Many of these injuries occur during confrontations with the inmates. The newer facilities are well ventilated, temperature controlled, and well lighted while other facilities are older with little to no ventilation, no temperature controls, and the lighting is poor. In environments like these, working under stress and pressure would be increased because the nature of the job (Bureau of Labor, 2009). Correctional facilities are known to have an affect on the inmates as well as the staff physically and psychologically. Past experiences of victimization could be relevant causes for adult criminal activity. It would be prevalent to recognize and identify this phenomenon. Suggested Quality Research In todays society, many people believe that inmates are treated poorly once they are incarcerated, while on the other hand, other people believe that the inmates are getting the treatment that they deserve. I have designed a research study that would help in determining whether or not correction officers violate the inmates in any way. The strategy would consist of a questionnaire that contained twenty questions with YES, NO, and NO REPLY answer choices. A copy of the suggested questionnaire may be obtained by contacting the author through the affiliated university. This study could contribute to general understanding of crime or policy responses to crime and I feel that it would be just as beneficial as other similar research if not more significant. The answer choices will help in guaranteeing that the honest answers received will help improve the operational chain of command and the flow procedures within corrections system. The correctional officers can sometimes have an affect on why inmates act a certain way or why they do certain things to themselves and or others. I want this research to show officials that correctional officers allow one another to mistreat inmates without saying a word to anyone. This research will also allow correctional officers to speak anonymously about what is going on in the facility and how they are treating the offenders, whether it is positive or negative by other officers and or staff. A predicted outcome of this research would be that correctional officers do abuse their authority, and that there are crimes going on inside the prison directly resulting from officers actions or directly from the officers. Fellner (2004) discusses that in recent years, U.S. prison inmates have been beaten with fists and batons, stomped on, kicked, shot, stunned with electronic devices, doused with chemical sprays, choked, and slammed face first onto concrete floors by the officers whose job it is to guard them. Inmates have ended up with broken jaws, smashed ribs, perforated eardrums, missing teeth, burn scars not to mention psychological scars and emotional pain. Some have even died as the end result. Both men and women prisoners could face staff rape and multiple forms of sexual abuse and then the officers will bribe, coerce, or violently force the inmates for certain favors. Men and women inmates can experience correctional officers mistreatment and exploitation for many different reasons. Parsons-Pollard (2006) believe that the study of ethics in criminal justice has proliferated over the past 25 years as the public demands a higher level of ethical accountability for those in professional positions. The ethics of criminal justice professionals should be very precise allowing no room for anyone to become corrupt within the system. The ethical values of a corrections officer should be recognized in respect to the expected actions of correctional officers. If the officers are not going to abide by their rules and regulations within their workplace, then the correction officer profession may not be suitable for them. The conclusion and analysis of the result from this study will help to determine whether or not correctional officers are abusing the inmates and how they will address the problem. Sometimes, correctional officers abuse the inmates and take away what rights the inmates do have, making it very noticeable within the prison facilities that there is violence occurring that could be prevented. The best way to conquer this problem is to provide staff with adequate training on controlling their frustrations and anger issues, and to establish a well communicated staff. Even though the inmates are incarcerated for a reason, that doesnt mean that inmates should get poor treatment from the officers while they are incarcerated. The correctional officers are there to provide safety amongst the prison populations and officers should not judge the inmates according to their crime, the judge has already done it. Correction officers need to have current training and development in regards to their positions at the facility. They need to have a common knowledge of the application of law and how it is applied to those incarcerated. They should know the Constitutional Rights as well as the federal and jail standards for their state and province. Each correction officer should be able to conduct searches of both inmates and the areas that they are permitted access such as their cell. It would be relevant to have substance abuse prevention training to have a working knowledge of what substances are being used and abused and how. There are several aspects of corrections. The inmates may all hold different point of views in regards to how they view incarceration. One may view incarceration as a way to do something illegal, get caught and incarcerated, and still be able to receive all the free benefits of being incarcerated such as free food, water, sleeping corridors, television, computer/internet, and legal services. Those incarcerated have a lot more benefits and opportunities then a lot of people that are barely keeping up in life. Another might view prison as the most devastating experience that they have ever encountered. There are physical, emotional, and psychological issues that arise with those that are incarcerated and the officer must be able to understand their changes in behavior in order to maintain discipline. There are situations that may arise within the facilities where the correction officer would have to report to court. An important area that they should be trained in would be courtroom testimony. Other important areas that they should be trained in would be report writing, and how to take fingerprints, pictures, and identification of the offenders being processed. Conclusion Apart of any profession, the employee should be able to provide their employer with professionalism, ethics and morals, and proficient communication skills. These three elements are an important part of the correction officers profession. As apart of the training that they receive, the Correction officers should be well trained in how to respond to a situation where an inmate has taken another person within the facility as a hostage. A correction officer should also be able to respond adequately to a situation where there is a barricaded area. If any emergency were to break out, the correction officers should be able to respond as sufficiently as possible. Offenders all have different reasons as to why they are incarcerated and they are all going to deal with those reasons the best way they know how. Some may not be able to deal with those issues turning them into problems. Psychological issues, abnormal behavior, and thoughts and threats of suicide are all going to be prevalent when dealing with a group of criminals in a somewhat small area. When riots, fights, and or disorder starts to unfold in the prisons and jails, the correction officers are people responsible for being able to respond to the situations. There are situations that a correction officer may face daily that could result in prisoner abuse allegations. Prisoners are incarcerated for a particular reason and they are there because they committed a crime and have been sentenced. The judge is responsible for giving the inmates the sentence that they deserve therefore no official except the judge should be responsible for giving the inmates the treatment as well as the sentence that they get. Correction officers tend to want to give the inmates the treatment they deserve and that leads to the abuse of inmates. This abuse is apart of the dark figure of crime which is crime that goes unnoticed, unaccounted for, and unpunished. Inmates that are serving their sentences accordingly are being punished by the law and they dont need any additional appalling treatment, unless they are acting out or causing more trouble within the system. Officers may believe that because they have the authority to keep the prison under control then they have the authority to treat the inmates however they desire. If they think that they can not get into trouble or will not get into trouble then they will be more prone to doing and completing the actions. There has been a long history of corrections in the United States from retribution to rehabilitation and there has been a history of abuse of inmates from the correction officers. Payment And Delay Issues | Construction Industry Payment And Delay Issues | Construction Industry The construction industry plays an important role in any countrys development process. The industry establishes buildings and infrastructure works required for social economic development which contribute to the overall economic growth. The success of economic development will further lead to an increase in disposal incomes, generating demand for additional construction activities. Therefore, it is important to make sure the economy growth of construction industry is moving smoothly. Payment is considered as the lifeblood of the construction industry because constructions often involve very large capital outlay and take a considerable time to complete (Naseem, 2005). In the construction industry, payment is the sum of money paid to contractors, consultants and suppliers after their works, service or materials has been successfully realized or accepted. Payments are so important to these parties that it is a constant headache for them as problems in construction would always be revolving around the poor payment practices. In cases like this, contractors would be directly affected as they are the one who receive and spend the most amounts of monetary sources in a project done. A regular disbursement of interim payment is a critical point for a contractor to help them survive in the construction field. Whether it is late payment or not being paid in the amounts certified, it all literally means big problems to the contractors as cash flow will be effected. Some small construction companies such as Class F contractors would even close business due to late payments. Cash flow is critical to the construction industry. Even Lord Denning famously said that cash flow is the life-blood of the construction industry. The ease of cash flow is an essential element in delivering a successful project. Many actions have been taken by government to curb the payment problems among contractors. Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu in 2008 for instance has proposed to make direct payments to sub-contractors handling government projects with immediate effect to ensure that they receive the money on time Government officers that delayed the distribution of payments to contractors will be given surcharge. But that does not stop there. Recently, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi shows his concerns over complaints from contractors and suppliers about late payments. He had instructed that all payments must be made within three weeks of the date of receipts of the bills. Government is very particular about this matter because it was giving a negative perception of the current implementation of the 10th Malaysia Plan that is moving at a slow pace. The 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) that runs from 2011-2015 besides reinforcing the New Economic Model (NEM) also reinforced the theme of Towards Higher Income with more measures to transform the nation into a high-income economy. Nonetheless, there are still cases of delayed payment and non-payment in arbitration if not in the court. Contractors are still facing problems in receiving their payments. Arbitration and judicature process not only consumed much time and money but could kill the business as well. As a contractor, what is the most appropriate action should be taken in securing their payments without effecting their business and cash flow? Statement of Problem The construction industry plays a very important role in generating wealth and improving the quality of life of the people through the provision of social and economic infrastructure like infrastructure like schools, hospital, houses, roads, airports, ports etc. It is linked to the whole spectrum of the economy and has a multiplier effect that enables other industries to prosper alongside. Hence, it is vital to ensure that construction projects are effectively and efficiently implemented. Problems of cash flow due to issues on late, under and non-payment can severely affect the implementation of construction projects and thus the provision of the nations infrastructure and built environment. In construction, delay could be defined as the time overrun either beyond completion date specified in a contract, or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery of a project.ÂÂ  Delays in payment means there is a delays in progress compared to the baseline schedule. While, problems of delay in payment has continued to worsen in the construction industry (Pitcher, 2010) According to Davenport 2010, the Constructon Industry Development Boards Construction Industry Indicators (CII) had conducted a survey in Cape Town 2009. The survey indicates that only 42% of contractors were paid on time and 58% of payments to contractor were made 30days or more after invoicing. Payments delays in 2009 show quite a significant deterioration compared with the payment delays in 2007 and 2008. CIDBs CEO, Ronnie Khoza states that the issue of payment delays is a very serious matter. The delays could be the result of a poor quality of invoices or corruption within government departments. Contractor Calculator reveals from a latest contractor survey that a whopping 88% of contractors have been receiving their payment late from their agency or client. According to Dave Chaplin, CEO of Contractor Calculator, this is a sad reflection of the times, particularly as 37% of respondents suffering delayed payment have a contract with the public sector. Construction works involve huge amounts of money and most of the contractors find it very difficult to bear the heavy daily construction expenses when the payments are delayed. Work progress can be delayed due to the latepayments from the clients because there is inadequate cash flow to support construction expenses especially for those contractors who are not financially sound. (Murali Sambasivan, 2006) Purposes of Study The construction industry which affected by the cash flow of such projects is getting serious year by year. One of factors causing the problem of cash flow is late payment. In response to the predicted possible concern for this problem, this research is conducted to investigate this issue further in both private and public construction project. Objectives of Study The objective of the study is to compare the factors that contribute to delay in progress payments for construction projects between the private and public sector. Research Questions Delay in construction interim payment consequently affects the progress of the construction project. Either in private or public construction project, payment is the life blood for a project in order to complete in the certain period. Hence, it is important to solve out this problem. To find the solution, we must know the causes influence the late payment. Therefore, this research will enable us to provide the answers for the following questions: What are the factors that contribute to delay in progress payments for construction projects? Is it private sector and public sector influence by the same factors? Significance of Study This research should increase the awareness of both contractors and employers in relation to the payment issues. The contractors should take attention with late payment issue, because it will bring a big impact to their financial ability. The developers or government should also take attention with this issue in order to minimize the impact to the work in site. By that, making improvement either on their own party or employers is important to solve the problems. Besides that, the research is also expected to grab the attention of the employers or developers in making their payments promptly and timeliness. This research help to find out the most common reasons cause the delay in progress payment for construction project in private and public sector. Compare the reason which most frequently happens to see whether these two different fields face the same problems in getting payment. Public projects usually involve more parties in preparing the payment certificate, while private projects which are normally involved weak financial backgrounds employers. After identify the factors causes delay in these two fields, the next step is to find the solution to solve the problems. Through the research, the findings may assist the relevant parties such as developers or government and the contractors in addressing problems associated to late payment in an effective and timely manner to create a win-win situation for all parties in the Malaysian construction industry. It is hoped that the relevant parties will adopt and implement the necessary plan of action in order to minimise disputes on payment in any construction project, so as to create a friendly and enjoyable working environment for all parties and to improve the payment flows in the Malaysian construction industry. Scope of Study This research will be focusing on late payments in the Malaysias construction industry in both private and public project in Johor Bahru. This study will focus on the building works in construction projects. This research will be focusing on the main party in the Malaysias construction industry, which is a contractor. Contractors, whose are carry out the works on site and receiver of payment to make sure the construction works in the progress. Hence, they are the important party in getting the right information in this research. Research Methodology The research for this study was conducted using the following approaches: a) Literature Review This includes the secondary data and information collected from different sources which can be used to conduct the research. The sources include books, journals, magazines, newspaper, dissertations, conference papers, periodicals, information from the internet, etc. These materials were used as background information in order to fully understand the information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. The information can be any issues related to the delay in payment in global construction industries. b) Questionnaire Survey The principal method used to collect primary data from contractors was the use of a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was designated according to the problems in delay of payment in both sectors, private and public in order to achieve the objective of the study. Further details and analysis of the data will be discussed in Chapter 3. c) Interview Besides questionnaire survey, interview sessions will be conducted to collect the primary data. In order to get more exact and detail data, experienced contractor will be the target respondents to be interview. (Placeholder1) (Sub-contractors to be paid directly by Works Ministry) (n.d.). References Chaplin, D. (Director). Contractors suffering late-payment abuse by agencies clients, reveals latest survey [Motion Picture]. Davenport, J. (9 April, 2010). Contruction survey reveals worrying payment-delay trend. Construction Industry Development Board . Cape town: Engineering News. Murali Sambasivan, Y. W. (2006). Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian construction industry. International Journal of Project Management , 524. Naseem, N. A. (2005). International Forum Construction Industry Payment Act and Adjudication. Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act . Kuala Lumpur: CIDB and ISM. Pitcher, G. (2010, April 26). Construction late payment worsens. Construction News. Sub-contractors to be paid directly by Works Ministry. (2008, Feb 1). New Straits Times Online.

The End of the American Civil War Essay -- American History Historical

The End of the American Civil War The purpose of this paper is to show the events surrounding the end of the American Civil War. The two sides which were at war was the union and the confederacy. Which was basically the United States separated into 2 sections going at war with each other. In this document, I will speak about those people who were involved on the battlefield towards the end of the war. The war started in 1861 and was beginning to end by January of 1865. By then, Federal (Federal was another name given to the Union Army) armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had lost a lot of men. In the year before, the North had lost an enormous amount of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the men of the South. General Grant became known as the "Butcher" (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.,1894) and many wanted to see him removed. But Lincoln stood firm with his General, and the war continued. This paper will follow the events that took place between the winter of 1864-65 and the surrender of The Confederate States of America. All of this will most certainly illustrate that April 9, 1865 was indeed the end of a tragedy. CUTTING OFF THE SOUTH In September of 1864, General William T. Sherman and his army cleared the city of Atlanta of its civilian population. It was from there that General Sherman and his army began its famous "march to the sea". The march covered a distance of 400 miles and was 60 miles wide. For 32 days no news of him reached the North. He had cut himself off from his base of supplies, and his men lived on the land through which they passed. On their route, the army destroyed anything and everything that they could not use but was presumed usable to the enemy. In view of this destruction, it is understandable that Sherman quoted "war is hell" (Sherman, William T.,Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.:Greenwood Press, 1972). Finally, on December 20, Sherman's men reached the city of Savannah and captured it. From there Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln: "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton" (Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.: Greenw... ...n opinion. Yes, slavery was the cause of the Civil War: half of the country thought it was wrong and the other half just couldn't let them go. The Union dead numbered 360,222 and only 110,000 of them died in battle. Confederate dead were estimated at 258,000 including 94,000 who actually died on the field of battle. The Civil War was a great waste in terms of human life and possible accomplishment and should be considered shameful. Before its first centennial, tragedy struck a new country and stained it for eternity. It will never be forgotten but adversity builds strength and the United States of America is now a much stronger nation. Works Cited: 1."The Civil War", Groliers Encyclopedia, 1999 2.Catton, Bruce., A Stillness at Appomattox. New York: Doubleday, 1963 3.Foote, Shelby., The Civil War, Vol. 3. New York: Random, 1974 4.Garraty, John Arthur, The American Nation: A History of the United states to 1877, Vol.1, Eighth Edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1995 5.Miers, Earl Schenck, The Last Campaign. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1972 6.Korn, Jerry, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles. Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1987

Discuss the Effect of Islam upon West Africa Essay

Change Over Time Essay Assignment # 1The camel. with its ability to go long distances without H2O and carry heavy tonss. facilitated trans-Saharan communicating. During the 7th and 8th centuries CE. Islamic vanquishers had added North Africa to the dar al-Islam. By the terminal of the 8th century CE. Muslim merchandisers had crossed the Sahara and initiated commercial dealingss with Sub-Saharan West Africa and by the beginning of the 2nd millenary. Islam had become entrenched in West African life. Islam dramatically changed West Africa culturally. politically. and economically in the clip period between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. but many basics of West African society remained the same. Economically. Islam ushered a new epoch of economic prosperity into West Africa. The acceptance of Islam by West African provinces provided them with common land upon which provinces such as Mali greatly expanded their gold trade to embrace Arab and Mediterranean states. Established Muslim trade paths facilitated the immense addition in the volume of African trade. Commercial metropoliss sprung up across West Africa. with commercialism increasing Timbuktu’s population to 100. 000. In the 12th century. Muslim merchandisers introduced cotton. rice. and citrus fruits to West Africa ; by the 16th century cotton was the chief fabric produced in West Africa. European demand for cotton fabrics ensured that West Africa would stay economically comfortable. Muslim merchandisers expanded the African break one's back trade to a Continental degree. supplying Europeans with a model upon which to construct the ruinous Atlantic slave trade. replacing little graduated table tribal bondage with immense province economic systems built wholly around capturing slaves and selling them to foreign states. However. despite these immense alterations in economic methods and volume. West African provinces relied to a great extent upon trade as the rule signifier of economic support throughout periods of Islamic influence. The addition in trade with Islamic merchandisers between 1000 and 1750 led to the pervasion of Muslim civilization among West African peoples. Islamic swayers built big mosques and universities where people could larn about Islam. every bit good as other countries of cognition. These universities spread literacy within West African society. Islam was by and large tolerant of traditional values. such as polygamy. This allowed it greater popularity than Christianity. and decreased opposition to transition. Islam was non forced upon citizens by their male monarchs. but instead was voluntarily encouraged. Despite this. many people adopted Islam. particularly those who interacted with Muslim merchandisers. However. many of those who adopted Islam did non follow Islam in its original signifier. but instead combined it with traditional spiritual beliefs to make a syncretistic faith. There was much societal convulsion among purists. such as the Fulani. and those who practiced syncretistic Is lam. Despite the big Islamic influence in the country. many chose non to follow a syncretistic religion and instead kept their traditional beliefs. The integrating of Islamic civilization into West Africa. every bit good as the economic prosperity that Islamic trade brought West Africa. led to the creative activity of big centralised provinces. As opposed to the little lands. such as the land of Ghana. that the first Islamic merchandisers encountered in West Africa. by the 15th century two big centralized imperiums had emerged. Muslim influence played a big portion in the creative activity of these big imperiums. First. the gross created by integrating of West Africa into Islamic trade allowed West African swayers to make and back up big standing ground forcess. These ground forcess ensured that these imperiums could protect their peoples and beginnings of income. every bit good as exert their influence. Second. Islamic jurisprudence. known as Shari’a. introduced to West Africa allowed for incorporate regulation. Previously. changing tribal Torahs had caused upset and atomization. every bit good as discontent. Islamic jurisprudence facilitated and demanded the creative activity of big centralised imperiums. However. Islam itself did non needfully go the sole faith of these imperiums ; many. so most. citizens of these imperiums clung to and practise their traditional heathen spiritual beliefs. Following the prostration of these two imperiums. West African political construction returned to the little regional lands that had been West African norm before Muslim merchandisers crossed the Sahara. Overall. the Islam greatly. sometimes even wholly. changed cultural. political. and economic environments in West Africa between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. Examples of this alteration include the debut of centralised lands. trans-Saharan trade. and Muslim values. Despite this great alteration. many elements of West African society. such as popular faith. dependance on trade. and basic values remained the same despite Muslim influence up through 1750 CE. Near the terminal of that period. Africa began to be colonized by European states. and fell under European influence.

Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky essays

Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky essays Crime and Punishment is a book written by Fyodor Dostoevsky who spent four years at a labour camp in Siberia, followed by four years of military service. Raskolnikov's time in a Siberian prison, described in the Epilogue of Crime and Punishment, is based on Dostoevsky's own experiences at a similar prison. Crime and Punishment is the story of a poor man in Russia who can only purge himself of his guilt through suffering. The book deals with the mental and physical tribulation brought upon him by his crime. His troubles are compounded by the conflicting personalities, which he possesses. The reader is inclined to characterize him by his cold, intellectual side. Yet, without the contrasting humane side of his nature, Raskolnikov never realizes the errors in his theory and actions. Raskolnikov is defined by the dualistic nature of his personality, with each facet being just as vital as the other. During his time in prison Fyodor Dostoevsky underwent something of a political conversion, rejecting the radical socialist positions that had led to his arrest in favour of a conservative concern for traditional values. His dismissal of leftist political thought is evident in Crime and Punishment. For instance, Raskolnikov's crime is motivated, in part, by his theories about society. Lebezyatnikov, whose name is derived from the Russian word for "fawning," is obsessed with the so-called new philosophies that raged through St. Petersburg during the time that Dostoevsky was writing the novel. Luzhin, a mid-level government official, is continually afraid of being "exposed" by "nihilists." Raskolnikov, the protagonist is a complicated man who commit a crime. Raskolnikov murders a woman who was a plague to mankind, especially the poor of Russia: Alyona Ivanovna. In the chilling process however, he also murders her younger sister, Lisaveta Ivanovna. The crime of Raskolnikov reverberates on a much deeper, moral level inside his own head. He igno...

Elements of Account Essays

Elements of Account Essays Elements of Account Essay Elements of Account Essay Sample Question Paper Code-254 ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY Class-IX Summative Assessment-II March 2011 Examination Design of Question paper Time Allowed : 3 Hrs 01. Weightage to form of Questions Type of questions 1. 2. 3. 4. MCQs Short Answer Questions Long Answer Questions(i) Long Answer Questions(ii) Total No. of Questions 16 8 4 4 32 Marks for each Question 1 3 4 6 Total Marks 16 24 16 24 80 Maximum Marks : 80 Duration of the examination will be 3 3 ? hours. Evaluation will be done from following topics Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Journal Ledger Recording and posting of cash transactions Trial balance 20 20 20 20 80 marks 1 Sample Question Paper ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY (Code-254) Class-IX Summative Assessment-II Time Allowed : 3 Hrs GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. The Question Paper has 32 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. Maximum Marks : 80 Questions from serial No. 1 to 16 are multiple choice questions. These are to be answered by writing the correct option in your answer sheet. Attempt all parts of a question together. Business transactions are recorded:(a) (c) in chronological order at the end of the month (b) (d) weekly None of the above 1 2. Trial Balance is prepared generally for a particular period which is ? (a) (c) week Quarter (b) (d) month Year 1 3. Goods returned of Rs. 500/- by a customer, Anil will be entered in(a) (c) Purchases Book Sales Book (b) (d) Purchases Returns book Sales Returns Book 1 4. Purpose of Sales Book is(a) (b) (c) (d) To record all sales made by the firm To record payment due to creditors To record all credit sales made by the firm to record credit sales of goods made by the firm 1 5. Salaries paid to staff will be debited to (a) (c) Salary A/c Staff A/c (b) (d) Cash A/c Expense A/c 1 1 (b) (d) Secondary entry None of the above 1 Transactions None of the above 6. A ledger is called a book of :(a) (c) Primary entry Final entry 7. A Ledger Account is prepared from:(a) (c) Events Journal (b) (d) 8. Cash Book is used to record. (a) (c) All Cash receipts only. All Cash c redits sales (b) (d) All Cash payments only All receipts payments of Cash 1 (b) (d) Original entry None of the above 1 9. Journal is called a book of (a) (c) Secondary entry Final entry 10. Transactions entered on the debit side of Cash-Book are posted to (a) (b) (c) (d) Debit side of the Cash Account Debit side of the respective ledger account Credit side of the respective ledger account Credit side of the Cash Account 11. If the total of the debit side of Cash Book exceeds the total on the credit side it indicates: 1 (a) (c) Favourabel cash balance (b) Excess of expenditure (d) Unfavourable cash balance Bank Overdraft 1 12. Petty Cash Book is generally prepared by: (a) (c) Every business unit Large business units (b) (d) Small business units None of the above 3 13. The object of preparing trial balance is: (a) (b) (c) (d) To ascertain the profits for the period To ascertain the accuracy of accounts To ascertain the financial position of the concern To ascertain cash balance 1 14. Purchase of furniture on credit is recorded in (a) (b) (c) (d) Purchase book Journal Cash-Book Sales-Book 1 15. Cash discount received on payment to creditor is recorded on the (a) (b) (c) (d) Credit side of the cash column of the Cash-Book On the debit side of the cash column of the Cash-Book On the credit side of the discount column of the Cash-Book On the debit side of the discount column of the Cash-Book 16. Ledger contains: (a) (b) (c) (d) All accounts Only personal accounts Only nominal accounts Only real accounts 1 17. Prepare the Purchases Book from the following details:(a) (b) (c) 3 Purchase of goods costing Rs. 5000 from M/s. Ramesh vide invoice no. 120 dated 15. 09. 2010. Purchase of Fixed Assets costing Rs. 8000 from M/s. Renu vide invoice no. 016 dated 20 . 09. 2010. Paid wages Rs. 600 in cash vide receipt no. 16 dated 25. 09. 2010. 4 18. Classify the following under the three types of accounts ( Real, Nominal and Personal): (a) (c) (e) Drawings Capital Bank (b) (d) (f) Cash Machinery Depreciation 3 3 3 3 3 3 9. Give any three uses of a ledger. 20. Differentiate between Journal and Ledger on the basis of any three points. 21. Cash Book is both a Journal a ledger. Explain. 22. Give three examples of entries which appear in a Journal Proper. 23 . Write any three limitations of preparing a Trial Balance. 24. State whether the following account will have a debit or a credit balance ? (a) (c) (e) Sales Capital Rent Paid (b) (d) (f) Purchase Return Salary Purchases 3 25. Enter the following transactions in appropriate Subsidiary Books of Ramesh for the month of January 2010: 4 Date Jan. Jan. 5. Jan. 15 Jan. 25 Transactions Sold goods to Ram Purchased goods from Hari Ram Returned goods to Hari Ram Ram Returned Goods Rs. 5,000 2,000 500 800 26. Rearrange the following steps in preparing ledger: 1. Enter the relevant amount in the amount column . 2. Record the page no. of the Journal . 3. Identify in the Ledger the account in which transactions are to be recorded. 4. Enter the date of the transaction in the date column. 4 5 27. Insert the following in Tabular Petty Cash Book. On 1st Feb. 2010 Rs. 40 were given to petty cash clerk. Feb. 2009 1. 2. 8. 12. 14. 15 Transactions Chowkidars Wages Pencils Railways freight on account of books Postage Stamps Telegrams Sundry Expenses Amount (Rs. ) 15. 00 5. 25 2. 31 1. 25 2. 44 0. 56 28. What is the main objective of preparing a Trial Balance? 29. Journalise the following transactions Date 2009 Jan. 1 Jan. 3 Jan . 7 Jan. 20 Jan. 25 Jan. 30 Started business with cash Sold Goods to Rohan Goods purchased from Sohan Paid Rent Commission Received Machinary purchased 50,000 40,000 20,000 500 200 10,000 Transactions Rs. 4 6 0. Pass the Journal Entries of M/s. Ram Traders. Post them to the Ledger from the following transactions: 6 Date 2010 April 1 April 3 April 5 April 15 Commenced Business with cash Purchased Furniture Goods purchased Cash Sales 1,50,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 Transactions Rs. 6 31. From the following information, draw up a Trial Balance in the books of Shri Subhash Chand as on 31st March,2009: 6 Transactions Capital Purchases Cash in Hand Cash at Bank Electricity exp. Stationery Office Equipment Sundry Debtors Machinery Salaries 32. Rs. ,50,000 40,000 7,000 8,500 4,800 500 2,400 8,000 1,60,000 11,400 Transactions Sales Sundry Creditor Rent Furniture Bank Loan Investment Commission paid Opening Stock Commission Received Postage Telegram Rs. 1,05,400 5,000 2,000 16,000 10,000 6,000 1,050 3,200 1,200 750 Prepare a Cash Book with discount column of Shri Shyam from the following transactions and balance it. 2009 March 1 March 3 March 5 March 10 March 12 March 15 March 18 March 25 Balance of cash in Hand Rs. 25,000 Rent paid Rs. 2,000 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 10,000 Stationery purchased Rs. 2,500 Sold Goods for Cash for Rs. ,000 Cash received from Ram Rs. 980 and discount allowed Rs. 20 Cash paid to Shyam Rs. 950 and discount Received Rs. 50 Wages Paid Rs. 2,000 7 Marking Scheme ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY Class-IX Summative Assessment-II Time : 3 hours Q No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. 18 Answer (a) (d) (d) (d) (a) (c) (c) (d) (b) (c) (a) (c) (b) (b) (c) (a) Maximum Marks : 80 Marks Purchase Book Balance Rs. 5,000 (a) (c) (e) Personal Account Personal Account Real Account (b) (d) (f) Real Account Real Account Nominal Account 8 19. (i) It provides complete information about all accounts in one book. ii) It facilitates the preparation of final accounts. (iii) It enables to ascertain the main items of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and their amounts. 20. Point of Distinction 1. 2. Nature Stage of Recording Journal It is a book of primary entry. Recording in the journal is the first stage. 3. Balancing Journal is not balanced Ledger It is a book of final entry Recording in the ledger is the second stage. All ledger accounts (except nominal accounts) are balanced in the ledger. 21. The Cash Book is a book of original entry since transactions are recorded for the first time from the source document. The Cash Book is a ledger in the sense that it is designed in the form of a Cash Account and records Cash receipts on the debit side and cash payments on the credit side, Thus, the Cash Book is both a journal and a ledger. 22. (i) Outstanding Expenses. (ii) Prepaid Expenses (iii) Entries for Dishonor of Bills. 23. Limitation of a Trial Balance- A Trial Balance is not a conclusive proof of the accuracy of the books of accounts since certain types of errors remain even when the Trial Balance tallies. The following errors do not affect the trial Balance at all. a) (c) 24 (a) Error of Principle, (B) Compensating error, Error of Recording in the books of original entry. Credit Debit Debit Error of complete omission (d) Credit (b) (d) (f) (c) Credit (e) Debit 25. Sales Book Rs. 5,000, Purchase Book Rs. 2,000, Purchase Return Book Rs. 500, Sales Return Book Rs. 800. 26. In order of 3-4-2-1. 27. Total Payment Rs. 26. 81 Balance c/d Rs. 13. 19 Grand Total Rs. 40. 00 Cash Required Rs. 26. 81 9 28. (i) To ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger accounts. (ii) To help in locating errors. (iii) To facilitate the preparation of financial statements. 9. Date 2009 Jan. 1 Particulars Cash A/c To Capital A/c (Being business started with cash) Jan. 3 Rohan To Sales A/c (Being the goods sold to Rohan) Jan. 7 Purchase A/c To Sohan (Being the goods purchased from Sohan) Jan. 20 Rent A/c To Cash A/c (Being the rent paid) Jan. 25 Cash A/c Dr. 200 200 Dr. 500 500 Dr. 20,000 20,000 Dr. 40,000 40,000 Dr. Debit (Rs. ) 50,000 50,000 Credit (Rs. ) To Commission Received A/c (Being the commission received) Jan. 30 Machinery A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 10,000 10,000 Being the Machinery purchased Total 1,20,700 1,20,700 10 30. (a) Date 2010 April 1. Particulars Cash A/C To Capital A/c (being started business with cash) Furniture A/c To Cash A/c (being the goods purchased for cash) Purchase A/c To Cash A/c (being the goods purchased for cash) Cash A/c To Sale A/c (bring the goods sold for cash LF Amounts Rs. 1,50,00 Amounts Rs. 1,50,000 April 3. 25,000 25,000 April 5. 30,000 30,000 April 15. 40,000 40,000 (b) Balance of following ledger Accounts Cash A/c Rs. 1, 35,000,Furniture A/c Rs. 25,000, Purchase A/c Rs. 30,000, Sales A/c Rs. 40,000. 31. Trial Balance Total Rs. 2, 71,600. 32. Cash Book Balance C/D Rs. 16530. 00, Discount Dr. Rs. 20. 00, Discount Cr. Rs. 50. 00. 11

Curriculum and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Curriculum and Diversity - Essay Example Laudable as these efforts are, they are yet to address the issue of teacher preparation, particularly pre-service training programs, which initially prepare teachers for teaching in primary and secondary schools. Despite the importance of initial teacher preparation in shaping the teachers' attitudes towards teaching and providing the requisite 'tools for the job' in the form of knowledge of subject matter and pedagogical skills, it is surprising that The SEN curriculum of teacher SEN has not received adequate attention from policy makers and development partners. However, the tendency to take the teacher SEN curriculum for granted and the assumption that it is suitable and appropriate to all students' and classroom realities need to be questioned. Questions should be raised with regard to the extent to which The SEN curriculum adequately prepares teachers for the realities and expectations not only of mainstream schools but also of schools for minority students. Pedagogy - the skill and knowledge of schooling and learning - that lets an educator to frequently improve and adjust his/her practice in order to constantly and successfully help student's master content and skills. (Feiman-Nemser, 2000). Diversity- pertains to the amalgamation of students from different cultures/ethnic/religious etc in the same classroom. Diversity is a very common aspect of primary classrooms in UK due to the multi-cultural aspect of UK. Plurality- refers to the majority of children in the classroom from one culture/group or ethnicity. Key stage two (primary) children learning is of strategic importance for both their future and that of the nation. Key stage 2 (primary) teachers must be prepared with the knowledge, skills, values and techniques to interact successfully with children, parents, colleagues, administrators, and others who affect children's lives. They must adapt to the interests, learning styles and needs of individual children in a complex, rapidly changing and culturally diverse society. (Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, Yoon, 2001) That's why teaching is a changing process for which key stage 2 (primary) teachers must be prepared. The Core Knowledge Foundation has found that a significant majority of teachers lack basic knowledge and skills needed for effective teaching in even the earliest grades. McRobbie (2000) notes that well over half of teachers get less than a day's worth of professional development annually, in contrast to teachers in other countries who engage in professional development for 10-20 hours a week. Hilliard (2000, p. 29-31), in claiming that a critical problem exists with traditional professional development activities, calls for fundamental change in how such activities are implemented. Research suggests that preserves teachers often resist new knowledge that challenges their experiences with regard to the realities of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and ability within the classroom and society (Pattnaik & Vold, 2001). Moreover, research highlights that predominantly white preserves teachers are typically unaware of their own racial identity (Powell, 2000). In addition, many preserves teachers tend to cling to and defend discourses that privilege those of

Hinduism and Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hinduism and Judaism - Essay Example There are interesting similarities and differences in their foundational teachings that show some of the elements that unite people, and some of the ways in which cultural context informs religious development. Hinduism traces its roots back to approximately 2500 B.C. It was not a religion that began with one particular historical event, but was rather a gradual development of beliefs by peoples in the Indus Valley (Zaehner, pg. 15). Its sacred literature has two categories: sruti and smriti. The sruti were heard, or divinely revealed, and include the Vedas (the most ancient Hindu scriptures), the Upanishads, the Brahmanas, and the Aranyakas. The Vedas contain the creation account, regulations for sacrifices, and prayers. According to Hindu tradition, these texts were secretly taught by a prophet to a disciple (David S. Noss, 55). The smriti are texts that were remembered or passed down orally. The difference is that these were written by humans rather than by the gods. The smriti consist of the epics, the Sutras and the Puranas. The epics are long poems about events in the lives of heroic warriors. The Sutras relate to such ideas as dharma, yoga, and Vedanta. The most significant of these was the Laws of Manu, or the Manusmriti, which concerned proper law and conduct for Hindus. The Puranas are mythological writings, containing the stories of the gods and goddesses (Knott, pg. 24-25). The Indus Valley civilization cohered around two cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Between 2500 and 2000 B.C., the nomadic Indo-Aryans began to migrate into this area, just as the Indus Valley peoples began to disappear. The Vedas were the scriptures of the Indo-Aryans and are most commonly acknowledged as the basis for Hinduism, and they are also said to be Hinduism's supreme authority (Morgan, pg. 32). The Vedic conception of rita, or cosmic order, later served as the basis for the ideas of dharma and karma. The gods served as guardians of this idea of rita and had to be propitiated regularly by sacrifice. (Morgan, pg. 33). And so with the idea of sacrifice came a collection of regulations and technicalities for the sacrifice process (Kinsley, pg. 92). During this time, the priesthood came to assume a good amount of power in society. Such new doctrines as the four stages of life, the idea of transmigration, and the origins of the caste system (Morgan, pg. 48). While in its foundat ional stages, Hinduism had claimed that the soul could die, either on Earth or even in heaven, but this change had the soul being reborn in an endless cycle, seeking release, or moksha from this unending existence. Despite the fact that Judaism started far from Hinduism, there are many striking similarities to complement the differences between the two faiths. According to such sources as the Tanakh and the Talmud, the Jewish faith is based on a covenant between God and Abraham, established approximately in 2000 B.C., and renewed between God and Moses around 1200 B.C. Unlike Hinduism, Judaism is monotheistic (Huns Kung, pg. 88). Like Hinduism, Judaism relies on its texts and traditions to provide its central authority. Like the Vedas, the Torah underwent a brief period of